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And cognitive outcome has been established [36]. Possibly, the high frequency of dementia after delirium could also be predicted by the level of S100B during delirium. Predictive factors for cognitive outcome after delirium are unknown, largely because of the difficulties of diagnosing pre-existent cognitive functioning in patients with delirium[5]. On the one hand delirium and dementia (or cognitive impairment) could each be caused by the same precipitating factors such as the surgical procedure[7]. On the other hand, it could be hypothesized that dementia is caused by the detrimental effects of delirium itself [5]. The neuroinflammatory system seems to be a rational pathophysiological pathway for delirium [5-7] and this same system has been described in relation to cerebral damage [11]. The correlation between the levels of S100B and the proinflamma-tory cytokines IL6 and IL8 in the patients in this study can be seen as an indication that the neuroinflammatory system is related to possible cerebral damage due to delirium.ConclusionIn our study of elderly patients admitted for acute surgical repair of hip fracture we found higher S100B levels in patients with delirium than in patients without delirium with the highest levels of S100B during delirium,. No difference in S100B and NSE levels between the different subtypes of delirium was found. Future studies are needed to elucidate the place of S100B in the pathophysiological pathway leading to delirium (and possibly dementia) and investigate its role as biomarker for delirium.Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Authors' contributionsBM and SR performed the data collection. CK and JB carried out the immunoassay. BM performed the statistical analysis under supervision of JK and AZ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to thank the other members of the research team, JL Parlevliet, JL Popma, CMM van Rijn, ACL Scheffer, MJA van der Zwaan and chemical analyst E Delic.
Li et al. World Journal of Surgical Oncology (2015) 13:333 DOI 10.1186/s12957-015-0748-CASE REPORTOpen AccessSarcoidosis misdiagnosed as malignant tumors: a case reportZuosheng Li1,2, Xin Li1, Zuoqing Song1, Jinghao Liu1, Ming Dong1, Tao Shi1, Dian Ren1, Song Xu1* and Jun Chen1*AbstractBackground: Sarcoidosis is a rare condition that is often misdiagnosed as malignant tumors due to the similar clinical manifestations and imaging findings. Case Presentation: We encountered a 56-year-old Chinese woman who had a chief complaint of a persistent cough. The chest computer tomography (CT) revealed PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989806 mediastinal and bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement, and positron emission tomography-computer tomography (PET-CT) revealed abnormal fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the lymph nodes of the chest and abdomen. To further clarify the diagnosis, a lymph node sampling was performed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and the histopathologic diagnosis of sarcoidosis was confirmed. Conclusions: VATS could be an effective and minimally invasive diagnostic method to discriminate pulmonary sarcoidosis with other malignant tumors. Keywords: Sarcoidosis, Lung cancer, Differential Capecitabine diagnosisBackground Sarcoidosis is an uncommon disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas [1]. Sarcoidosis affects people of all racial and ethnic groups and occurs at all ages, although it usually develops before the age of 5.